AITIC Glossary: Terms Index

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Terms Index

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Foreword to the 2007 Ed.
Preface to the First Ed.

International Trade
and WTO Terms
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I
J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R
S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
Index

International Organisations,
Agreements and Groups
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I
J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R
S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
Index

Acronyms

accession		Appellate Body (AB)
accounting rate		Appellate Body Report
accreditation procedures		appellations of origin
actionable subsidies		appellee
administrative charges		applied tariffs
ad valorem duty		arbitrage
ad valorem equivalent (AVE)		arbitration / arbitrator
advance deposit for imports		Article XII (GATT)
African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)		Article XVIII (GATT)
Agenda 2000		Article XX(b) (GATT)
Agenda 21		Article XXI (national security exception) (GATT)
Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS)		Article XXIV (GATT)
Aid for Trade		Article 21.5 Panel
amber box support		Article 27.3(b) (TRIPS Agreement)
amicus curiae brief		Article 66.2 (TRIPS Agreement)
Analytical Index		ASYCUDA (Automated System for Customs Data)
annex		authoritative interpretation
anti-dumping / anti-dumping duties		automatic import licensing
anti-trust law, regulations		autonomous liberalisation
appellant

balance of payments (BOP)		blended approach
balance-of-payments consultations		blue box support
balance-of-payments difficulties		Boksburg Group
balance of trade / trade balance		border protection
banded approach		border tax adjustment (BTA)
Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (BISD)		box
best endeavour clause		Brussels Definition of Value (BDV)
bilateral trade agreement		built-in agenda
binding overhang		burden of proof
biological diversity / biodiversity

CAREC (The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation)		Consumer Support Estimate (CSE)
“carousel” approach		contingency trade instruments / contingent protection
carry forward		contracting parties (to the GATT)
carry over		Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Cartagena Protocol		copyright
causation		Core Group
certification		core labour standards
circumvention		Cost, insurance, freight… (named port of destination) (CIF, c.i.f.)
claw back		Cotton Four (C-4)
Colorado Group		cotton initiative
commercial presence		counter-cyclical payments
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)		counterfeit
common external tariff (CET)		countervailing duties (CVD)
comparative advantage, theory of		country-hopping
compensation		coupled / coupling
competition policy / anti-trust policy		covered agreements
complaining party		CPC listing (Central Product Classification of the United Nations)
complaint		cross-border supply of services
compliance panel		cross-retaliation
compulsory licence		cultural exception
computed value		cumulation
confidentiality		customs duty
conformity assessment procedures		customs harmonisation
consensus		customs territory
constructed value		customs union

decision-making process		disclosure of information
decoupling / delinkage		dispute
de facto		Dispute Settlement Body (DSB)
deficiency payment		Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU)
de jure		distortion
de minimis		Doha Work Programme
deposit refund system (DRS)		domestic content requirements
derestriction		domestic regulation
determination of injury		domestic support
developed countries		drawbacks
developing countries		due restraint
development box		dumping
Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS)		Dunkel Draft Text (DDT)

early harvest		estoppel
eco-certification		“Everything but Arms” Initiative (EBA)
eco-labelling		ex ante, ex post
economic needs test (ENT)		exclusive marketing rights (EMRs)
Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)		ex parte communication
economies in transition		export credits / export credit guarantees / export credit insurance
emission charges		Export Enhancement Programme (EEP)
Enabling Clause		export incentives
environmental goods and services (EGS)		export performance requirements
Equivalent Measurement of Support (EMS)		export price
erosion of preferences		export processing zones (EPZs) / free-trade zones
escalation of tariff rates		export restraint agreement
escape clause		export subsidies
establishment		extension services

Farm Bill (2002)
“fast track”
first approximation
five interested parties (FIPs)
food aid
food security
forced technology transfer
foreign direct investment (FDI)
foreign portfolio equity investment (FPEI)
formula tariff cuts
Framework Agreement (Tokyo Round)
free on board (FOB, f.o.b.)
free-rider
free-trade agreement (FTA)
free-trade zones
Friends of the Chair
Friends of Trade Facilitation

GATS Rules		green box support
GATT 1947		Green Room
GATT 1994		grey-area measures
GATT acquis		gross domestic product (GDP)
GATT law		gross national product (GNP)
GATT precedents		Group of Eight (G-8, G8)
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)		Group of Seven (G-7, G7)
General Council		Group of Six (G-6, G6)
Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)		Group of 10 (G-10, G10)
genetically-modified organisms (GMOs)		Group of 15 (G-15, G15)
geographical indications (GIs)		Group of 20 (G-20, G20)
Girard Paper on Market Access		Group of 33 (G-33, G33)
Goal 8		Group of 77 (G-77, G77)
graduation clause		Group of 90 (G-90, G90)
grandfathering / grandfather clause

Harbinson Paper
hard-core cartels
harmonisation
harmonisation formula
Harmonised System (HS)
hearing, oral hearing
horizontal commitments

IDB / CTS Database (Integrated Data Base and Consolidated Database)		injury
implementation of recommendations and rulings		in-quota / within access
Import Licensing Procedures (ILP)		integrated circuit layout-designs
import-substitution policies		Integrated Framework (IF)
Incoterms (International Commercial Terms)		Integrated Tariff of the European Communities (TARIC)
Independent Review Entity (IE)		integration programmes
industrial designs		intellectual property rights (IPRs)
infant industry protection		interim report
Information Technology Agreement (ITA)		interim review
initial commitments		internal support
initial negotiating right (INR)		Invisible Committee
initial submission		ISO 9000

Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Program (JITAP)
Jones Act
judicial economy
July Framework
July Package (2004)
jurisdiction

Kennedy Round

landlocked developing countries (LLDCs)
least-developed countries (LDCs)
less-advantaged countries (LACs)
less than full reciprocity
lesser duty rule
Leutwiler Report
life cycle analysis (LCA)
like products
linear approach
linear tariff cuts
living modified organism (LMO)
local content requirements / domestic content requirements

mailbox		most-favoured nation (MFN) exemptions
mainstreaming		most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment
Marrakesh Agreement		movement of natural persons
members		Multifibre Arrangement (MFA)
mercantilism		multifunctionality
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)		Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI)
mini-ministerial meeting		multilateral environmental agreements (MEA)
Ministerial Conference		multilateral trade negotiations (MTN)
modalities		multilateral trading system (MTS)
Mode 4		multi-modal
modes of delivery		mutual recognition
modes of supply		mutual recognition agreements (MRAs)
modification of schedule

NAMA-11		non-discrimination
national schedules		non-governmental organisation (NGO)
national treatment (rule)		non-paper
natural persons		non-reciprocity
net food-importing developing countries		non-tariff barriers (NTBs) / non-tariff measures (NTMs)
new Quad, the		non-trade concerns
newly acceded members (NAMs)		non-violation complaints
non-actionable subsidies (green box subsidies)		normal trade relations (NTRs)
non-agricultural market access negotiations (NAMA negotiations)		normal value
non-application		nuisance tariffs
non-automatic import licensing		nullification and impairment

observer
orderly marketing arrangement (OMA)
orderly marketing systems
out-of-quota / over access
outward processing arrangements

panel / panel proceeding		Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP)
panelist		precautionary principle
panel report		preferences / preferential treatment / preferential arrangements
parallel imports		pre-shipment inspection (PSI)
Part IV of the GATT		price taker
patent		price undertaking
peace clause		prima facie case
peak tariffs		processes and production methods (PPMs)
permissible subsidies		producer subsidy equivalent (PSE)
pipeline protection		product mandating requirements
piracy		progressive liberalisation
plurilateral trade agreements		progressivity
policy space		prohibited subsidies
polluter-pays principle (PPP)		protocols (GATS)
portfolio investment / foreign portfolio equity investment (FPEI)		prudential carve-out
positive agenda		public good
positive list / negative list		public service

Quad, the
quantitative restrictions (QRs) / quotas
quota
quota modulation

rebuttable presumption
recently acceded members (RAMs)
reciprocity
reduction commitments
reference paper
reform programme
regional trade agreement (RTA)
remand power
request / offer
responding party / respondent
restrictive business practices (RBPs)
retaliation
rollback
rounds of trade negotiations / trade rounds
rules of origin

safeguards / safeguard measures		specific tariff
sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS)		specific trade obligations (STOs)
schedule / schedule of concessions		Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe (SPSEE)
schedules’ footnote		standard of proof
sectoral approach / sectoral initiative		standard of review
security exception		standards
sensitive products		standard terms of reference
sequencing		stand-still provision
serious injury or threat of serious injury		state trading enterprises
serious prejudice		subsidies
Singapore Issues		substantial interest
single undertaking		substantially all the trade (SAT)
small and vulnerable economies		sui generis
Small Island Developing States (SIDS)		sunset clause
small open economy		Super 301 (Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 1988)
small suppliers		supply management / orderly marketing systems
Special Agricultural Safeguard (SSG)		supply-side constraints
special and differential treatment (S&D)		Sutherland Report
special products		swing
Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM)		Swiss formula
specific commitments

TARIC		trade-balancing requirements
tariff		trade contingency measures / trade defence instruments
tariff anomaly		trade creation
tariff bindings		trade diversion
tariff cap		trade facilitation
tariff escalation		trade liberalisation
tariffication		trademarks
tariff peaks		Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC)
tariff quota / tariff rate quota (TRQ)		Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) / Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB)
tariff schedule		Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)
tariff surcharges		trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS), Agreement on TRIPS / TRIPS Council
technical barriers to trade (TBT)		trade-related investment measures, Agreement on TRIMS
technical regulations		trade round
terms of reference		trade secret
Textiles Monitoring Body (TMB)		trade weighted average tariff
third participant (in an appeal)		traditional knowledge
third party (in a proceeding before the panel) / third party rights		transaction value
“three sisters”, the		transcript
tiered approach		transit
Tokyo Round		transitional safeguard mechanism
trade and environment		transparency

unadopted report
undisclosed information / trade secrets
Uruguay Round
Uruguay Round approach
user-pays principle (UPP)

variable levy
virgin material tax
voluntary export restraints (VERs) / voluntary restraint agreements (VRAs)
voluntary standards

W/120 listing
waiver
withdraw (the measure)
written submission
WTO Analytical Index
“WTO-plus”

zero-for-zero approach
zeroing

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First edition published August 2003
Revised impression November 2003
Revised edition 2007

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